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INFORMATION ABOUT
ISTANBUL
Located in the center of the Old World, Istanbul is one of the world's
great cities famous for its historical monuments and magnificent scenic
beauties. It is the only city in the world which spreads over two
continents: it lies at a point where Asia and Europe are separated by a
narrow strait - the Bosphorus. Istanbul has a history of over 2,500 years,
and ever since its establishment on this strategic junction of lands and
seas, the city has been a crucial trade center.
The historic city of Istanbul is situated on a peninsula flanked on three
sides by the Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn. It has
been the capital of three great empires, the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman
empires, and for more than 1,600 years over 120 emperors and sultans ruled
the world from here. No other city in the world can claim such a
distinction.
During its development, the city was enlarged four times, each time the
city walls being rebuilt further to the west.
Surrounded by 5th century Roman city walls and stretching over seven hills,
Istanbul is adorned by the masterpieces of Turkis art, the great mosques
of the Sultans that crown the hills. The city presents an exquisite,
majestic and serene silhouette from all directions. The Golden Horn, which
is a very secure natural harbor, has played a significant role in the
development of the city.
Fortune provided such advantages to Istanbul as a location at a junction
where the main overland routes reach the sea, an easily defensible
peninsula, an ideal climate, a rich and generous nature, control of the
strategic Bosphorus, and a central geographical position in the ancient
world.
As a capital of empires, the city was not only an administrative, but also
a religious center. The Patriarchate of Eastern Christians has been
headquartered here since its establishment, and the largest early churches
and monasteries of the Christian world rose in this city on top of the
pagan temples. Within a century after the city was conquered, it was
enriched with mosques, palaces, schools, baths and other architectural
monuments that gave it a Turkis character, while some of the existing
churches in ruins were repaired, altered and converted into mosques.Between
the 16th century when the Ottoman sultans acquired themselves the title of
the "Caliph of Islam" and 1924, the first year of the Republic, Istanbul
was also the headquarters of the Caliphate. More Jews settled in Istanbul
than any other port, and here they built themselves a new and happy life
after they were rescued from Spain by the Turks in the 15th century.
Istanbul has always been a city of tolerance where mosques, churches and
synagogues existed side by side. The city was adorned with a large number
of dazzling and impressive works even during the period of decline of the
Ottomans.
During this time, the influence of European art made itself felt in the
new palaces, while the northern slopes of the Golden Horn, Galata and
Beyoglu districts assumed a European character. Even when the Empire,
which was a party to World War I, collapsed and the young Republic that
replaced it moved the capital to Ankara, Istanbul did not lose its
significance.
The haphazard development that began in the years following World War II
and accelerated in the 1950's has unfortunately had a negative impact on
the fabric of the old city, and while old wooden houses disappeared
rapidly, concrete buildings proliferated. Istanbul experienced a
population explosion due to immigration, and within a very short period it
expanded far beyond the historical city walls. The areas inside the walls
were invaded by workshops, mills and offices; even the new thoroughfares
could not solve the traffic problems, and the inadequacy of the
infrastructure gave rise to a sea pollution problem, starting with the
Golden Horn.
With the initiatives for saving the city in the 1980s, Istanbul embarked
on a process of restructuring on a scale unseen in its history.Thousands
of buildings along the Golden Horn were demolished to make way for a green
belt on its shores; parks and gardens were built on the land claimed by
filling up the beaches of the Sea of Marmara. In order to prevent sea
pollution drainage systems were completed and physical and biological
wastewater treatment plants were erected; the use of natural gas for
heating has considerably reduced air pollution.
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